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                <h1 id="领域驱动设计"><a href="#领域驱动设计" class="headerlink" title="领域驱动设计"></a>领域驱动设计</h1><h3 id="代码开发的思考"><a href="#代码开发的思考" class="headerlink" title="代码开发的思考"></a>代码开发的思考</h3><p>以下开发方法区别是什么？</p>
<ul>
<li>面向过程开发</li>
<li>面向对象开发</li>
<li>面向CV(ctrl-c&amp;ctrl-v)开发</li>
<li>面向百度开发</li>
<li>面向数据库开发</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="什么是技术债"><a href="#什么是技术债" class="headerlink" title="什么是技术债"></a>什么是技术债</h3><p>技术债就像技术前进中的累赘一样，会像滚雪球那样越滚越大，不断拖延增加新功能的步伐，最终可能无法再为系统添加新功能。因此，技术负债的存在是导致软件质量下降的重要原因。软件质量下降以后，系统难以维护和修复，就会导致项目失败或者必须重写代码</p>
<h3 id="你真的在面向对象开发吗？"><a href="#你真的在面向对象开发吗？" class="headerlink" title="你真的在面向对象开发吗？"></a>你真的在面向对象开发吗？</h3><ul>
<li>JavaBean它真的好用吗？</li>
<li>DTO为什么无处不在？</li>
<li>MVC思想的滥用</li>
<li>用着面向对象的语言，做着面向过程的开发<br>现在大部分对业务逻辑的处理，都是通过Controller到Service，再通过Dao组装操作到持久层数据库，而这其实是典型的面向过程的开发，中间只是数据的传递和组装修改。<br>而现在流行的微服务架构，如果不能很好的拆分出领域实体，确定好领域边界，只不过是增加了复杂度的单体应用而已。<br>领域驱动设计的思想，回归到面向对象的本质，封装，抽象上面来，虽然设计模式可以解决一部分场景问题，但是领域驱动设计更像<strong>重剑无锋，大巧不工</strong>。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="领域驱动为什么没有流行起来"><a href="#领域驱动为什么没有流行起来" class="headerlink" title="领域驱动为什么没有流行起来"></a>领域驱动为什么没有流行起来</h3><p>我个人结合对领域驱动的理解和认识之后，总结为领域驱动早期引入的时候，翻译的名词太理论化，导致太抽象不接地气，下面我们就看看这些专有名词有多不接地气。</p>
<h3 id="领域驱动名词概念"><a href="#领域驱动名词概念" class="headerlink" title="领域驱动名词概念"></a>领域驱动名词概念</h3><p>主要的概念如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>有界上下文</li>
<li>领域事件</li>
<li>聚合</li>
<li>聚合根</li>
<li>实体</li>
<li>值对象</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="事件风暴"><a href="#事件风暴" class="headerlink" title="事件风暴"></a>事件风暴</h3><p>事件风暴是领域驱动很好的介入点，说人话就是需求讨论阶段，具体领域驱动这块的最佳实践就是需求讨论从事件入手，所谓事件就是业务内的动词，事件风暴从动词事件入手，虽然很繁琐，但是这些事件正是日后需要实现的功能激发的。事件离需求功能更接近，对领域事件进行分门别类，可以发现有界上下文和聚合。有界上下文就是指不同业务之间的边界，包括可能的数据传递和交互，而聚合是指业务的核心内容是什么。<br>DDD分析方法的核心：从细节动词入手发现有界上下文和聚合，以逻辑一致性为边界划分依据，对动作实现分门别类地划分。</p>
<h3 id="领域事件"><a href="#领域事件" class="headerlink" title="领域事件"></a>领域事件</h3><p>为什么是动作或事件？因为行为即类的方法，以方法聚合，即基于接口编程，才是高内聚松耦合的关键，又根据封装的特性，应该只暴露方法，而不应该暴露数据。所以，解决复杂性的两种方法是：拆解成松耦合的组件+使用容易让人明白的套路表达出来。<br>DDD是怎么实现这两种方法的呢？首先，DDD通过引入“领域或子域”以及“有界上下文”来划分边界，边界一旦划分好，拆解的第一步就能完成；其次，DDD引入各种模式名词，比如聚合、实体、值对象、工厂、仓储、领域事件，让知晓这些模式的人能够一下子定位到功能对应的组件。</p>
<h3 id="举个栗子"><a href="#举个栗子" class="headerlink" title="举个栗子"></a>举个栗子</h3><p>下面以某电力公司的电费结算领域为案例，说明如何通过组织的形式进行有界上下文的边界发现和划分。<br>首先需要了解一下领域知识、业务策略或业务规则。电力公司是干什么的? 它是电力这个商品的批发商，从发电企业购买电力，通过电网输送到用电用户，再向用电用户收取电费。其商业模式很简单，它的信息系统主要是管理金钱的进出，在上下游差价和巨额资金截流中赚取利润，这应该是其核心业务策略。<br>该业务策略落实到业务流程，就体现在部门组织设置上。营销部负责面向供电用户销售电力和收取电费，交易中心负责向电厂集中购电，财务部门则是对购销双方进行统一资金结算。不同部门负责不同的领域，现在可以根据这种原则划分三种有界上下文∶ 购电上下文;销电上下文和结算上下文，同时将参与开发的团队也相应地划分成三个团队。</p>
<h3 id="子域"><a href="#子域" class="headerlink" title="子域"></a>子域</h3><ul>
<li>核心子域(核心业务）</li>
<li>支持子域(周边可以外包的业务)</li>
<li>通用子域(基础支持如财务系统可以购买的系统)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="聚合"><a href="#聚合" class="headerlink" title="聚合"></a>聚合</h3><p><strong>聚合是子域内的类集合以及类关系集合。</strong><br><strong>聚合是一个行为在逻辑上高度一致的对象群。</strong><br>注意，它是一个对象群体的总称。聚合的内部结构如同一棵树，每个聚合都有一个根，其他对象和聚合根之间都是枝叶与树根的有序关系。<br><strong>有序的复杂，虽然也复杂，但是可以被理解，无序的复杂，不仅仅复杂，最重要的是不能被轻易理解。</strong><br>这样有序化的好处是∶只有”根”能引用或指向其他对象，”根”自身不能被其他任何对象引用;”根”类似团队的小组长，队员都要向其汇报工作。这就是聚合根的设计来源，聚合根拥有自己边界内的数据所有权，以及行为职责的管理权限。<br>数据和行为两者兼顾的所有权只有聚合才能具有，为什么需要数据和行为两者兼顾呢?通常情况下，数据和行为是分离的，行为在服务中实现，而数据隔离在数据表中，行为通过服务转为SQL语句去操作数据表，这种方式的问题是隔离了行为和数据的紧密逻辑关系。<br>找出聚合和组合关联的类，组成树状类图，舍弃普通关联，这就是高内聚低关联的设计原则。<br><strong>聚合是体现逻辑一致性的地方，也是保证业务规则实现的地方。</strong></p>
<h3 id="失血和充血"><a href="#失血和充血" class="headerlink" title="失血和充血"></a>失血和充血</h3><p>在没有设计的朴素情况下，领域模型一般是一个数据对象（DTO等），其中只有setter/getter方法，是一种纯粹的数据结构，然后将很多数据结构的算法操作设计在服务（Service）等专门的接口类中。这样，数据对象作为服务接口方法的参数传入，在服务的方法中被加工。<br>所以说如果没有领域驱动设计的思想，即便是架构上是微服务的，服务内部也可能是只是面向过程的开发，只不过是service组装修改DTO，最终持久化而已。<br>区分开失血模型和贫血模型，有助于认识到数据库中的实体表其实是一种失血模型、一种纯数据结构;通过ORM等工具映射到Javabean，也是一种只有setter/ getter的失血模型，这些实体模型并不是 DDD中的实体。下面看看DDD中的实体是什么。</p>
<h3 id="实体"><a href="#实体" class="headerlink" title="实体"></a>实体</h3><p><strong>具有唯一标识的聚合即实体</strong><br>能够将复杂事情简单化，但是实体和聚合的表现形式太相似了。其实这是从两个不同角度看问题的结果，聚合是从实体外部看实体的上下文环境，需要在这个场景上下文扮演的角色来定位，而实体本身的内部设计，包括标识和其他属性、职责以及关联属于事物内部的构造设计。实体的设计不只要照顾到所处上下文，还要兼顾它被创建后的生命周期管理，实体的类名负责它在上下文中的定位，而实体的标识负责它被创建后的生命。<br>实体的构建往往需要builder模式<br>思考题：为什么需要使用builder模式？</p>
<h3 id="值对象"><a href="#值对象" class="headerlink" title="值对象"></a>值对象</h3><p>值对象：没有唯一标识的对象，是一堆数据值的容器。如VO对象，具有不变性<br>首先，值对象中的数据值一旦被构建，就不能改变，这是不变性的特性，而 DTO没有这种约束，这容易导致DTO传输过程中不断添加、修改各种字段。 DTO变成一个装载数据的可变长度的容器，虽然给编程带来了方便，但是将可变性带到代码的各个地方，最后DTO进数据库存储时，才发现数据并不是原来想象的那样，至于在哪个环节修改了，就需要不断地跟踪，这种跟踪在复杂软件中也非常复杂。</p>

                
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                        data_url = data_url.indexOf('/') === 0 ? data.url : '/' + data_url;
                        var index_title = -1;
                        var index_content = -1;
                        var first_occur = -1;
                        // only match artiles with not empty titles and contents
                        if (data_title !== '' && data_content !== '') {
                            keywords.forEach(function (keyword, i) {
                                index_title = data_title.indexOf(keyword);
                                index_content = data_content.indexOf(keyword);
                                if (index_title < 0 && index_content < 0) {
                                    isMatch = false;
                                } else {
                                    if (index_content < 0) {
                                        index_content = 0;
                                    }
                                    if (i === 0) {
                                        first_occur = index_content;
                                    }
                                }
                            });
                        }
                        // show search results
                        if (isMatch) {
                            str += "<li><a href='" + data_url + "' class='search-result-title'>" + data_title + "</a>";
                            var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g, "");
                            if (first_occur >= 0) {
                                // cut out 100 characters
                                var start = first_occur - 20;
                                var end = first_occur + 80;
                                if (start < 0) {
                                    start = 0;
                                }
                                if (start === 0) {
                                    end = 100;
                                }
                                if (end > content.length) {
                                    end = content.length;
                                }
                                var match_content = content.substr(start, end);
                                // highlight all keywords
                                keywords.forEach(function (keyword) {
                                    var regS = new RegExp(keyword, "gi");
                                    match_content = match_content.replace(regS, "<em class=\"search-keyword\">" + keyword + "</em>");
                                });

                                str += "<p class=\"search-result\">" + match_content + "...</p>"
                            }
                            str += "</li>";
                        }
                    });
                    str += "</ul>";
                    $resultContent.innerHTML = str;
                });
            }
        });
    };

    searchFunc('/search.xml', 'searchInput', 'searchResult');
});
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